Plant lay out

Plant lay out ideally involve the allocation of space and the arrangement of equipment in such a manner that over all operations cost can be minimized .Objectives of plant layout---Produce batter quality product ,Maximum utilization of floor area ,Reduce internal transport ,Less scrap and waste ,Few accidents,Minimum production delays ,Principles of plant layout-----Principle of overall integration ,Principle of minimum distance,Principle of flow,Principle of cubic space ,Principle of satisfaction and safety,Principle of flexibility Neatness .Symptoms of bad layout Excess work in progress ,Poor utilization of available space,Long material flow in line , long production cycle ,Difficult to supervise and control .types of plant lay out 1.Process or ‘Functional’ Plant Layout,2.Line or ‘Product’ Plant Layout,3.‘Fixed Position’ Layout ,4.‘Random’ Layout .Plant layout techniques Templates ,3 D models

PERT

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) was developed in 1958 to help measure and control the progress of the Polaris Fleet Ballistic Missile program. The technique earned considerable respect for assisting in the management of thousands of different contractors and agencies, and is credited with helping to advance the completion date of the program by two years PERT is a technique for estimating and planning a large project. One of its most powerful concepts is that project management is the management of probabilities. PERT makes use of simple statistical mathematics in order to come up with a probability distribution for the completion dates of the project milestones.For example, in PERT tasks are estimated with three numbers: The best case, the nominal case, and the worst case. These three estimates are combined into an expected duration, and a standard deviation. Thus the duration of each task is presumed to be a random variable with a known distribution. The math is very simple. Consider a task whose best/nominal/worst estimate is 3/5/9. The expected completion time (µ) is assumed to be (4*nominal + best + worst)/6, or in our case (4*5+3+9)/6 or about 5.33. The standard deviation (s) is assumed to be (worst - best)/6 or (9-3)/6 or 1. Now consider a simple project consisting of three tasks. We represent this as a simple chart with circles and arrows. The circles denote events, and the arrows denote tasks

Great message About MY FATHER

A great man who spares his life Hides his feelings. Ignores his happines Accepts the pain. ... Forgets his comfort. Struggles at work. To make us live comfortable&be happy in our life witout struggle. So don't hurt that gentle DAD! Think of your DAD. "Share"it to all DAD lovers I'm proud of my DAD

Poem Of Love Accounting

Poem Of Love Accounting In the journal paper of my heart, I have written a journal entry. Debiting your love and your affection. Darling you write the narration, Your first love, I had already adjusted On the ledger-folio column, Any way our relations are true assets On double-entry system In addition, our love is true real and tangible You debit-what comes in, I credit-what goes out. Your beauty is the capital of business. My eyes are stock in trade. Let us enter into transaction, You secretly give me a trade discount, I openly give you a cash discount And thus my partner, Our trading and profit-loss account will show super profit My dear let us reconcile, all our errors and total the trial balance of our affairs arithmetically without maintaining any suspense account. In the balance sheet of our life Our children will be our true assets and liabilities! If they are boys, they will be our sundry debtors If they are girls, they will be our sundry creditors But if we have a boy and a girl, Our balance sheet will tally automatically! I am The Greatest Ever

Altman Z-score

The Altman Z-Score is a quantitative balance-sheet method of determining a company’s financial health. “Safe” companies, i.e. companies that have a low probability of bankruptcy, have an Altman Z-Score greater than 3.0.The Altman Z-Score is a measure of a company’s health and likelihood of bankruptcy. Several key ratios are used in the formulation of an Altman Z-Score Value.The Z-score formula for predicting bankruptcy was published in 1968 by Edward I. Altman, who was, at the time, an Assistant Professor of Finance at New York University. The formula may be used to predict the probability that a firm will go into bankruptcy within two years. Z-scores are used to predict corporate defaults and an easy-to-calculate control measure for the financial distress status of companies in academic studies. The Z-score uses multiple corporate income and balance sheet values to measure the financial health of a company.The Z-score is a linear combination of four or five common business ratios, weighted by coefficients. The coefficients were estimated by identifying a set of firms which had declared bankruptcy and then collecting a matched sample of firms which had survived, with matching by industry and approximate size (assets).Altman applied the statistical method of discriminant analysis to a dataset of publicly held manufacturers. The estimation was originally based on data from publicly held manufacturers, but has since been re-estimated based on other datasets for private manufacturing, non-manufacturing and service companies.Generally speaking, the lower the score, the higher the odds of bankruptcy. Companies with Z-Scores above 3 are considered to be healthy and, therefore, unlikely to enter bankruptcy. The Z-Score model is the 1960′s brainchild of Professor Edward Altman of NYU.For Public Companies, the Model is calculated as follows: Z = 1.2*X1 + 1.4*X2 + 3.3*X3 + 0.6*X4 + 1.0*X5.There are 5 variables: X1 = (Working Capital/Total Assets). X2 = (Retained Earnings/Total Assets). X3 = (EBITDA/Total Assets). X4 = (Market Value of Equity/Total Liabilities). X5 = (Net Sales/Total Assets).

Sinking fund

A fund into which a company sets aside money over time, in order to retire its preferred stock, bonds or debentures. A fund into which a company sets aside money over time, in order to retire its preferred stock, bonds or debentures. In the case of bonds, incremental payments into the sinking fund can soften the financial impact at maturity. Investors prefer bonds and debentures backed by sinking funds because there is less risk of a default.A sinking fund is a fund established by a government agency or business for the purpose of reducing debt by repaying or purchasing outstanding loans and securities held against the entity. It helps keep the borrower liquid so it can repay the bondholder.Rather than the issuer repaying the entire principal of a bond issue on the maturity date, another company buys back a portion of the issue annually and usually at a fixed par value or at the current market value of the bonds, whichever is less. Should interest rates decline following a bond issue, sinking-fund provisions allow a firm to lessen the interest rate risk of its bonds as it essentially replaces a portion of existing debt with lower-yielding bonds.From the investor's point of view, a sinking fund adds safety to a corporate bond issue: with it, the issuing company is less likely to default on the repayment of the remaining principal upon maturity since the amount of the final repayment is substantially less. This added safety affects the interest rate at which the company is able to offer bonds in the marketplace.

National Income Accounting

A term used in economics to refer to the bookkeeping system that a national government uses to measure the level of the country's economic activity in a given time period. National income accounting records the level of activity in accounts such as total revenues earned by domestic corporations, wages paid to foreign and domestic workers, and the amount spent on sales and income taxes by corporations and individuals residing in the country.National income accounting provides economists and statisticians with detailed information that can be used to track the health of an economy and to forecast future growth and development. Although national income accounting is not an exact science, it provides useful insight into how well an economy is functioning, and where monies are being generated and spent.Some of the metrics calculated by using national income accounting include gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP) and gross national income (GNI).