Ecotourism

Ecotourism" a has proven to be a difficult task given all the different players attempting to define it. People tend to define things in terms that are beneficial to themselves, hence the variety of definitions. There are however several workable definitions currently in wide use.The International Ecotourism Society defines Ecotourism as: "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local people".

Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO)

Legal Process Outsourcing in India achieves its current share of 3-4 percent to 6-7 percent in the USD 250 billion global market by 2010. According the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASSOCHAM), more than 200 top US companies are looking for offshore locations towards achieving saving of 30-70 percent. Key Areas of Expertise: - Para legal services - Intellectual property right services. - Contract review, amendments and proofing. - Litigation support, discovery and document processing; preparation of case law bibles; compilation of client / witness attendance and interview documents. - General research and review. - Corporate law. - Real estate law. - Family law. - Litigation law

Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)

KPO is the outsourcing of specialized domain based skills and high-end knowledge. It is increasingly considered a crucial process for companies of all sizes to remain competitive in a rapidly changing business environment.

Accounting KPI (key performance indicators)

Building accounting KPIs system plays an important role in evaluating job performance of individual parts, divisions and the company’s objectives and performance management system in general. The development of accounting KPI metrics help to create measurement systems, information systems throughout the organization. I. Steps to create KPIs of Accounting examples • Setting up job purpose of Accounting department. • Setting up key responsibilities/key KRAs of this department. • Setting up elements that how to measure each KRA. • Setting up KPI of each KRA. • Summarize all KPIs of each department. II. KPI sampls for Accounting field 1. Total Liabilities: Total liabilities represent the sum of all monetary obligations of a business and all claims creditors have on its assets. 2. Cumulative Annual Growth Rate (CAGR): 3. Cash Flow Return on Investments (CFROI): This is similar to ROI, but the only difference is CASH is used inplace of Profit. 4. SG&A expenses: Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses include all salaries, indirect production, marketing, and general corporate expenses. 5. Net profit margin: Net Profit Margin equals the Total Net Income divided by Revenue, expressed as a percentage. 6. Shares Outstanding: Shares Outstanding is the outstanding number of shares of the class of common stock that is most actively traded. 7. Total Equity: Total Equity equals Preferred Stock Equity + Common Stock Equity. 8. Total Current Assets: Total Current Assets equals Cash and Equivalents + Receivables + Inventories + Other Current Assets. 9. Other Current Assets: Other Current Assets includes prepayments, deferred charges, and amounts (other than trade accounts) due from parents and subsidiaries. 10. Inventories: Inventories is merchandise bought for resale or supplies and raw materials purchased for use in revenue producing operations. 11. Net Receivables: Net Receivables are amounts owed to the company, net of any provisions for bad debts. 12. Operating income: Operating Income equals Gross Profit minus SG&A Expenses. It is the income from current operations. 13. Gross profit: Gross Profit equals Revenue minus Cost of Goods Sold. It identifies the amount available to cover other operating expenses. 14. Gross profit margin: Gross Profit Margin equals Gross Profit divided by Revenue, expressed as a percentage. 15. Cost of goods sold (COGS): Cost of Goods Sold includes all expenses directly associated with the production of goods or services the company sells (such as material, labor, overhead, and depreciation). It does not include SG&A. 16. Operating margin: Operating Margin equals Operating Income divided by Revenue, expressed as a percentage. 17. Goodwill: Goodwill is an accounting term used to reflect the portion of the book value of a business entity not directly attributable to its assets and liabilities. 18. Total Assets: Total Assets are everything of value that is owned by a company. 19. Accounts Payable: Money owed (payable) to suppliers for goods or services purchased on credit that must be paid within a year. 20. Long-Term Debt: Long-Term Debt represents the amount of borrowings due more than one year from the date of the balance sheet. III. KPIs of each position of Accounting field • Accounting assistant • Accounting coordinator • Accounting consultant • Accounting chairman • Accounting manager • Accounting officer • Accounting producer • Accounting president • Accounting recruiter • Accounting receptionist • Accounting secretary • Accounting team leader • Accounting VP

SWAP

A swap can be defined as barter or an exchange. A swap is contract whereby parties agree to exchange obligations that each of them have under their respective underlying contracts or we can say a swap is an agreement between two or more parties to exchange sequence of cash flows over a period in future . The parties that agree to swap are known as counterparties. Swap is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange two streams of cash flows—the parties "swap" the cash flow streams. Those cash flow streams can be defined in almost any manner. In other words: In a swap, two counterparties agree to a contractual arrangement wherein they agree to exchange cash flows at periodic intervals

Options

option is purchasing right but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specified underlying item at an agreed upon price, known as exercise price or strike price. In other words Options are contracts that give the buyers the right (but not the obligation) to buy or sell a specified quantity of certain underlying assets at a specified price on or before a specified date. On the other hand, the seller is under obligation to perform the contract (buy or sell). The underlying asset can be a share, index, interest rate, bond, rupee-dollar exchange rate, sugar, crude oil, Soya bean, cotton, coffee etc. An option contract is a unilateral agreement in which one party, the option writer, is obligated to perform under the contract if the option holder exercises his or her option. (The option holder pays a fee or "premium" to the writer for this option.) The option holder, however, is not under any obligation and will require performance only when the exercise price is favorable relative to current market prices. If, on the one hand, prices move unfavorably to the option holder, the holder loses only the premium. If, on the other hand, prices move favorably for the option holder, the holder has theoretically unlimited gain at the expense of the option writer. In an option contract the exercise price (strike price), delivery date (maturity date or expiry), and quantity and quality of the commodity are fixed. There are two basic types of options-call and put. A call option gives an investor right to buy underlying item during specified period of time at an agreed upon price while put option confers the right to sell it. Before going into Call and Put Options it is necessary to understand • American options can be exercised at any time between the date of purchase and the expiration date. Most exchange-traded options are of this type. . • European options are different from American options in that they can only be exercised at the end of their lives. The options on the Nifty and Sensex are European style options--meaning that the buyer of these options can exercise his options only on the expiry day. He cannot exercise them before the expiry of the contracts as in case with options on stocks. As such the buyer of index options needs to square up his positions to get out of the market. In India all stock options are American style options and index options are European style options. The significant difference between a future and an option is that the option provides the contracting parties only an option, not an obligation, to buy or sell a financial instrument or security at a pre-fixed price, called the strike price. Obviously, the option buyer will exercise the option only when he is in the money, that is, he gains by exercising the option

FUTURES

A Future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in future at a certain price. Future contracts are special type of forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts. In other words A future contract is one in which one party agrees to buy from/ sell to the other party a specified asset at price agreed at the time of contract and payable on future date. The agreed price is known as strike price. The underlying asset can be commodity, currency debt, or equity. The Futures are usually performed by payment of difference between strike price and market price on fixed future date and not by the physical delivery and payment in full on that date. Features Of Future Contract • An organized exchange. • Unlike the Forwards, the Future contracts are standardized contracts and are traded on stock exchange • It is standardized contract with standard underlying instruments, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered and standard time for such settlement transactions. • Existence of a regulatory authority. • Margin requirements and daily settlement to act as a safeguard. • Leveraged positions--only margin required. • Trading in either direction--short/long • Index trading. • Hedging/Arbitrage opportunity.